Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Essay -- essays research papers

Consideration Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), is the most well-known mental issue among youngsters today. It’s manifestations are not really evident and start at different occasions. A few youngsters give sign of having the confusion before they are conceived, others are not determined to have having it until their preteen years. ADHD covers with a few different conditions, further confounding doctors and emotional well-being experts who endeavor to give an analysis.      Hyperactive youngsters, who are frequently misdiagnosed as "emotionally disturbed," make a great deal of turmoil in the home and at school. The number, seriousness, and kinds of side effects vary starting with one kid then onto the next, every one of whom show an alternate example of conduct and character. There are, be that as it may, certain likenesses among ADHD kids.      ADHD was portrayed as right on time as 1845 by the German doctor Henrich Hoffman in his great Der Struwelpeter (Slovenly Peter), an assortment of hilarious good stories for youngsters. The saints were taken from his perceptions of kids. In 1902, Dr. G. F. In any case, portrayed the conduct of a gathering of hyperactive youngsters. He knew about no clinical purposes behind their conduct and made no notice of their instructive needs or social abilities. He said that piece of the issue with ADHD kids was "deficient preparing in the home." In 1923, scientist, F. G. Ebaugh, was one of the first to distribute an expert paper perceiving ADHD as a drawn out issue requiring collaboration and mediation by a few expert orders.      Over the previous four decades, many marks have been utilized for an assortment of attributes that has come to be known as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Youngsters who have a portion of these attributes show them more often than not; the sorts, number, and level shift inside every kid from second to second and from circumstance to circumstance.      Research considers point to a 5 to 10% number of kids who have the disorder. A few specialists accept the genuine number is nearer to 20% of everybody. In an ongoing investigation of more than 9000 youngsters in the Midwest, the quantity of kids who have been restoratively analyzed as hyperactive was about 3%. The quantity of undiscovered kids, in light of information from educators and guardians, was evaluated at... ...D youngsters additionally have dozing issues, coordination issues, are narcissistic, eager, wild, and have extraordinary passionate issues.      Some signs that a youngster will be ADHD are, evident hyperactivity in the belly, poor maternal wellbeing, mother under 20 years old, first pregnancy, hypertension during pregnancy, maternal liquor misuse, substantial maternal smoking, and medication misuse.      Research now demonstrates that hyperactive youngsters keep on having numerous issues as youths, however the hyperactivity has diminished. Issues with hostility, poor self-idea, disabled companion connections, and poor school execution become noticeable. The ADHD pre-adult is frequently miserable and discouraged.      Children whose obseverable manifestations proceed into young people have higher paces of misconduct and direct issue and lower IQ’s and scholastic accomplishment scores than those whose side effects stop at early puberty. There are numerous useful and sucessful projects for youngsters and teenagers who have this issue. With the correct assistance and prescription, numerous ADHD youngsters can grow up to have a typical existence.

Milgram experiment analysis The WritePass Journal

Milgram analyze investigation Milgram’s Study of Obedience Milgram analyze investigation Milgram’s Study of ObedienceSituational InfluenceReferencesRelated Milgram’s Study of Obedience The name Stanley Milgram is eponymous with the investigation of compliance. In his dubious 1970s investigation of the human conduct, Milgram (1974) found that when under bearing from an individual from power, study members could be told to perpetrate a 450 volt electric stun on another person.. In one investigation, Milgram (1974) doled out members to the job of ‘teacher’ or ‘learner’. Unbeknown to the members, they would just ever be doled out to the job of educator. As the educator, members were informed that they were to examine the impacts of discipline on learning. The educator directed a learning assignment to the student who was situated in an alternate room, and the student showed their reaction through catches that lit up answer lights on the teacher’s side of the divider. At the point when the students gave off base answers, the members were told by the experimenter to direct the student an electric stun. Once more, unbeknown to the member educators, the stuns were not really directed and the students were acting confederates. The educator was likewise trained to expand the voltage of the electric stun with each off-base answer gave. As the voltage arrived at 150 volts, the student would shout cries of dissent, which could be heard by the educator member through the divider. At 300 volts, the student would not respond to the inquiry, and at 330 volts they made no reaction at all to the stun, reminiscent of absence of awareness. At whatever point the member vacillated or gave indications of protection from directing the stun, they would be provoked to proceed by the experimenter. The examination possibly finished when the instructor wouldn't manage the stun in light of guidance after four prompts, or after the most extreme stun had been given. In 65% of cases, the members managed the most extreme stun of 450 volts, a stun that was set apart on the seriousness as â€Å"XXX†, following the depiction â€Å"Danger: Severe Shock† at 375 volts. Milgram’s (1974) exhibition of the agitating capacities of human conduct presents numerous inquiries with respect to why such huge numbers of individuals had not quit directing the stuns when they realized that the student was in critical trouble. Was it that these people would have acted along these lines whatever the condition? Is it safe to say that they were instances of the malignant side of human instinct? Or then again were there many contributing elements about the situation that driven these people to carry on in such a manner in opposition to all desires for human benefiance? This exposition will plan to address these inquiries through crafted by Milgram and his counterparts. Situational Influence The discoveries of a prior investigation by Milgram (1963) gave proof that the people directing the stuns were not carrying on of their own longing for mercilessness, however rather were acting in strife with their needed or anticipated conduct. Milgram (1963) found that overseeing stuns made the members experience â€Å"extreme apprehensive tension†, exhibited by perspiring, trembling, faltering, and even anxious giggling. Burger (2009) suggests that regardless of the numerous endeavors to decipher the consequences of Milgram’s (1974) test, the primary concern of agreement is the significance of situational powers in impacting an individual’s conduct. Moreover proposing this is something disparaged by most people. This was featured by the assessments of Yale understudies and therapists who were consistent in their conviction that essentially nobody would proceed with the examination to the point of maximal stun (Milgram, 1974). Burger (2009) proposes a convincing explanation as to Milgram’s members were so prepared to oversee possibly deadly stuns under the guidance of the experimenter; that of the intensity of power. The test gives a fundamental case of the marvel of compliance, where people adjust (regularly without wanting to) to a power figure (Martin Hewstone, 2009). This submission to expert in the relinquishment of coalition to ethical quality (Elms, 1995) is something that has not exclusively been shown in inquire about examinations, saw from the despicable violations submitted by those under the standard of Hitler in Nazi Germany (Cialdini Goldstein, 2004), to the practices of self-destructive strict religions. While Milgram’s (1974) experimenter had both authenticity and aptitude (Morelli, 1983) with alliance to the college, the analysis, and to science (Burger, 2009), other compliance has been appeared to happen without this (Blass, 1999), along these lines proposing other situation al impacts at play. The significance of the experimenter’s ability may have been of urgent noteworthiness in Milgram’s (1974) examine, in that the situation was not one that any of the members had encountered previously. Burger (2009) recommends that without some other wellsprings of data, the members go to the consolation of the experimenter who doesn't appear to be annoyed by the cries from the student and demands the continuation of the analysis. For this situation, it might be proposed that the members concede to the ability of the experimenter, accepting that they will educate the most proper activity. As indicated by Milgram (1974), this has ground-breaking suggestions for the deciding impact of the circumstance on the activity of people. Kolowsky et al. (2001) propose two kinds of power; that got from delicate impacts which results from factors inside the affecting specialist (eg. Believability and mastery) and that got from outside social structures, (for example, chain of command) known as unforgiving sources. It might be presumed that Milgram’s experimenter depicted both of these, maybe clarifying why the circumstance prompted such significant levels of dutifulness. Burger (2009) additionally recommends that the degrees of dutifulness of the members in Milgram’s (1974) trial might be ascribed to the slow increment in requests of the experimenter. He recommends that the 15-volt increases made an errand that continuously expanded sought after being put on the members. At first members would give stuns to the student causing just a slight inconvenience, be that as it may, before the finish of the test, the members were consenting to give stuns that were named ‘Severe’. Freedman and Fraser (1966) exhibited the intensity of the supposed ‘foot-in-the-door’ impact, demonstrating that people that originally agreed to a little, negligibly intrusive solicitation were bound to consent to a bigger related solicitation. The creators recommended that the circumstance delivered a change upon the participants’ self-observation, where after consenting to the principal demand they attribute the characteristics mirroring the ir past activities (ie. I am somebody that consents to such asks for) which at that point impacts their resulting activities. Burger (2009) proposes that the longing for individual consistency might be a factor with such gradual voltage increment, where declining the 195 volt stun would be troublesome having quite recently squeezed the 180 volt switch. The Milgram (1974) test likewise brings up the issue of the job of duty in compliance. Under power, it might have been that the people had the option to proceed with the conduct because of a lessened awareness of other's expectations for their activities. Bandura (1999) proposes this happens as when not seeing themselves as the specialists of their activities, people are in this manner saved their self-denouncing responses. It shows up, in this manner, that given an alternate circumstance, a significant number of the members in Milgram’s (1974) investigation may have acted in an unexpected way. Questions are raised concerning whether they would have submitted a similar demonstration without a decreased obligation, or if the experimenter had at first requested that they give the student the most noteworthy voltage stun. Zimbardo (1972) delineates the significance of the circumstance because of human conduct in his ‘Stanford Prison Experiment’. Haphazardly appointed to be detainees or gatekeepers, members in Zimbardo’s (1972) explore took on their jobs with limit and scurry. With significance to the conduct evoked by Milgram in his tests, the conduct of the watchmen is specifically noteworthy. When given the force loaded job (Zimbardo, 1972), and confronted with detainee insubordination, the watchmen utilized physical and mental strategies to confound, threaten, and bother the detainees. While not complying with a specific authority aside from the requests of the trial, these ‘guards’ had gotten blinded by the circumstance, representing how situational limits can significantly adjust conduct standards. By day 5 of the analysis, detainees were pulled back and acting in obsessive manners. None of the individuals associated with the test demanded the cessation of the tri al, which had, by day 6, become of truly faulty profound quality. In Zimbardo’s (1972) explore, the gatekeepers, chose for being illustrative of the normal working class American, with better than expected insight and passionate soundness (Haney, Banks Zimbardo, 1973), showed against social and obsessive conduct, a marvel later portrayed by Zimbardo as ‘The Lucifer Effect’ (Zimbardo, 2007). This was something that Haney et al. (1973) proposed happened because of the pathology of the circumstance instead of the idea of those that entered it. With the idea of the circumstance recommended as such a ground-breaking impact over human acquiescence, crafted by Burger (2009) assists with examining the elements hidden the marvel of such ethically degenerate conduct. B

How to enable Popup and Full Page comment box in Blog

How to enable Popup and Full Page comment box in Blog Google has brought some variation in Blogger Comment Box. Old user of Google comment box have already seen the changes. Now you can open Blogger default comment box in a Pop up window or you would able to display your comment box in a new page. Actually this option widely used for saving space. Some Blogger think that Blogger default comment box outlooks are not good for this reason they hide the comment box from comment section but when readers can easily make comment. As a result, Blogger default comment box won't occupy the space below the post where you can also place ads or any other widget. However you have two options to provide commentator for making comment either popup comment box or Full Page comment section. Under full page comment section your comment box will appear in a separate page.don't worry that for activating those option you have to add extra code block rather you can enable those options by using Blogger Setting option.So let's proceed to the tutorial that how we can activate Popup Comment box and full page comment section in Google Blogger. Step 1Go tohttps://www.blogger.comand Sign in to your account Step 2FromBlogger Dashboardgo to -Settings -Posts and comments Step 3Now Under Comments you would see Comment Location with Drop Down Option. Click on there and select Full page or Popup Window. Step 4Finally click on Save Changes button from top right corner of the screen. Now you can see your blog comment section that it is displaying Post a comment link. In Blogger default template the comment link will display like below image. If you use any custom template then it will look differently. In my template it is displaying like below image. For making comment just you have to click on the link and a popup window will appear with comment box or if you have chosen Full page then your comment box will appear in separate page in new window. So if you have any query regards this tutorial then feel free to leave a comment below. And stay tune for moreBeginners tutorial.

Whats a Good ACT Writing Score

For the current ACT administered in the 2017-18 academic year, the average writing score is a 7 on a 12-point scale. For the 2015-16 ACT, the average writing score was a 17 on a 36-point scale. This number is nearly four points lower than average ACT Composite scores, a fact that caused a lot of anxiety and confusion among test-takers and eventually led to ACT reintroducing the 12-point scale.   Do You Need the ACT Plus Writing? Ever since the SAT evolved to include a written component, more and more colleges changed their policies to require ACT students to take the optional Writing Test (see the list of colleges that require ACT Plus Writing). Hundreds of more colleges recommend the Writing Test, and if a selective college recommends something, you should probably do it. After all, strong writing skills are an essential part of college success. As of March 2016, the SAT no longer includes a required essay section, and were already seeing many colleges dropping the ACT writing exam as a requirement for admission. Time will tell if this trend continues. However, it is still a good idea to take the ACT Plus Wiring if 1) the colleges youre looking at recommend the test; and 2) you have solid writing skills. Theres no reason to take a recommended exam if youre likely to perform poorly on it. Unless the writing exam is required, take it only if you think it will strengthen your college application. Strong writing skills are essential to college success, so the score certainly can play a positive role in the admissions equation if you get a high score. The Current 12-Point Writing Exam (September 2016 to the Present) An average score on the current ACT Writing Exam is a little below a 7. For highly selective colleges, youll want a score of 8 or higher. Scores of 10, 11, and 12 truly stand out and highlight strong writing skills. Score Percentile 12 100 (top 1%) 11 99 (top 1%) 10 98 (top 2%) 9 93 (top 7%) 8 84 (top 16%) 7 59 (top 41%) 6 40 (bottom 40%) 5 18 (bottom 18%) 4 9 (bottom 9%) 3 2 (bottom 2%) 2 1 (bottom 1%) ACT Writing Score Percentiles Unfortunately, for the past couple of years, almost no colleges report ACT writing scores to the Department of Education, so its difficult to learn what score ranges are typical for different types of colleges. Later in this article, however, youll see data from the pre-2015 12-point ACT writing exam, and those numbers can give you a pretty accurate sense of what scores will be competitive at different schools. The 36-Point Writing Exam (September 2015 to June 2016) Beginning in September of 2015, ACT changed the Writing Exam from a 30-minute to a 40-minute exam, and the score range changed from a 12-point scale to a 36-point scale. This change in scoring has created some controversy, for many students have found that their writing scores are significantly lower than their other ACT scores. The makers of the ACT note that writing scores are typically 3 to 4 points lower than the English subscore, or the ACT Composite score (read more here on the ACT website). Score Percentile 36 100 (top 1%) 35 99 (top 1%) 34 99 (top 1%) 33 99 (top 1%) 32 99 (top 1%) 31 98 (top 2%) 30 98 (top 2%) 29 97 (top 3%) 28 95 (top 5%) 27 95 (top 5%) 26 92 (top 8%) 25 88 (top 12%) 24 86 (top 14%) 23 78 (top 22%) 22 68 (top 32%) 21 64 (top 36%) 20 58 (top 42%) 19 52 (top 48%) 18 44 (bottom 44%) 17 40 (bottom 40%) 16 34 (bottom 34%) 15 25 (bottom 25%) 14 21 (bottom 21%) 13 18 (bottom 18%) 12 15 (bottom 15%) 11 11 (bottom 11%) 10 9 (bottom 9%) 9 7 (bottom 7%) 8 3 (bottom 3%) 7 3 (bottom 3%) 6 2 (bottom 2%) 5 2 (bottom 2%) 4 1 (bottom 1%) 3 1 (bottom 1%) 2 1 (bottom 1%) 1 1 (bottom 1%) ACT Writing Score Percentiles The above data is from  this table  on the ACT website. These scores on the 36-point scale are based on four subscores in the following categories: Ideas and analysis: Do you clearly state your perspective and explain the relationship between your ideas and other perspectives?Development and support: Are you ideas convincingly backed up with examples and reasoning?Organization: Do your ideas flow clearly and logically from one to the next? Does your essay  build  an argument (rather than present disjointed points)?Language use and conventions: Is your language clear? Is the essay unburdened by problems with grammar, syntax, word choice, punctuation, and mechanics? Is the style and tone of the essay appropriate for your audience?   Each of these categories  is scored using a 12-point scale, and those scores are combined and then converted to a 36-point score.    The 12-Point, Pre-September 2015 Writing Exam Before September of 2015, the ACT Writing Exam was scored on a 12-point scale. The percentiles for the 12-point scale were as follows: 12 - top 1% of test-takers11 - top 1% of test-takers10 - top 1% of test-takers9 - top 5% of test-takers8 - top 13% of test-takers7 - top 49% of test-takers6 - bottom 39% of test-takers5 - bottom 14% of test-takers4 - bottom 9% of test-takers3 - bottom 4% of test-takers2 - bottom 2% of test-takers You can see that an average SAT Writing Test score is about a 7. If you score up in the 10, 11 or 12 range, you are among the very top test-takers in the country (the percentages above are from the ACT websites National Ranks for ACT Scores and are based on data from 2013 to 2015) To see how your writing score measures up to other applicants, the data below shows the scores for the 25th and 75th percentile of matriculated students at certain colleges. In other words, half of all enrolled students scored somewhere between the lower and upper numbers (note that this is  not  current data). Harvard University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 8 / 10 Kent State University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 6 / 8 MIT†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 8 / 10 Northwestern University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 8 / 10 Ohio State University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 8 SUNY New Paltz†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 8 Syracuse University†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 8 / 9 University of Minnesota, Twin Cities†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 8 University of South Florida†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 8 University of Texas, Austin†¢ ACT Writing (25th / 75th): 7 / 9 You can see that you dont need a perfect 12 to get into the most selective colleges in the country (or a 36 with the current grading system). In fact, a 9 or 10   (28  to 36 with the new scoring system) puts you in a strong position even at schools like Harvard and MIT. Keep in mind that your ACT Writing Test score is just a tiny part of your application. Your overall ACT composite score matters more than any individual section of the exam. A strong application also needs to include glowing letters or recommendation, a winning essay, and meaningful extracurricular involvement. Most important of all is a strong academic record.

Biography of Isabella I, Queen of Spain

Isabella I of Spain (April 22, 1451–November 26, 1504) was the queen of Castile and Leà ³n in her own right and, through marriage, became the queen of Aragon.  She  married Ferdinand II of Aragon, bringing the kingdoms together into what became Spain under the rule of her grandson Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor.  She sponsored Columbus voyages to the Americas and was known as  Isabel la Catolica, or Isabella the Catholic, for her role  in purifying the Roman Catholic faith by expelling Jews from her lands and defeating the Moors. Fast Facts: Queen Isabella Known For: Queen of Castile, Leà ³n, and Aragon (became Spain)Also Known As: Isabella the CatholicBorn: April 22, 1451 in Madrigal de las Altas Torres,  CastileParents: King John II of Castile, Isabella of PortugalDied: Nov. 26, 1504 in Medina del Campo, SpainSpouse: Ferdinand II of AragonChildren: Joanna of Castile, Catherine of Aragon, Isabella of Aragon, Maria of Aragon, and John, Prince of Asturias Early Life At her birth on April 22, 1451, Isabella was second in the line of succession to her father, King John II of Castile, following her older half-brother Henry.  She became third in line when her brother Alfonso was born in 1453. Her mother was  Isabella of Portugal, whose father was a son of King John I of Portugal and whose mother was a granddaughter of the same king.  Her fathers father was Henry III of Castile, and his mother was Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt (third son of Englands Edward III) and Johns second wife, the Infanta Constance of Castile. Isabellas half-brother became Henry IV, king of Castile, when their father, John II, died in 1454 when Isabella was 3. Isabella was raised by her mother until 1457, when the two children were brought to court by Henry to keep them from being used by opposition nobles. Isabella was well educated.  Her tutors included Beatriz Galindo, a professor at the University at Salamanca in philosophy, rhetoric, and medicine. Succession Henrys first marriage ended in divorce and without children. When his second wife, Joan of Portugal,  gave birth to daughter Juana in 1462, the opposition nobles  claimed that Juana was the daughter of Beltran de la Cueva, duke of Albuquerque. Thus, shes known in history as Juana la Beltraneja. The oppositions attempt to replace Henry with Alfonso failed, with the final defeat coming in July 1468 when Alfonso died of suspected poisoning. historians, however, consider it more likely he succumbed to the plague. He had named Isabella his successor. Isabella was offered the crown by the nobles but she refused, probably because she didnt believe she could maintain that claim in opposition to Henry.  Henry was willing to compromise with the nobles and accept Isabella as his heiress. Marriage Isabella married Ferdinand of Aragon, a second cousin, in October 1469 without Henrys approval. The cardinal of Valentia, Rodrigo Borgia (later Pope Alexander VI), helped Isabel and Ferdinand obtain the necessary papal dispensation, but the couple still had to resort to pretenses and disguises to carry out the ceremony in Valladolid.  Henry withdrew his recognition and named Juana as his heir.  At Henrys death in 1474, a war of succession ensued, with Alfonso V of Portugal, prospective husband of Isabellas rival Juana, supporting Juanas claims. The dispute was settled in 1479 with Isabella recognized as Queen of Castile. Ferdinand by this time had become King of Aragon, and the two ruled both realms with equal authority, unifying Spain. Among their first acts were various reforms to reduce the power of the nobility and increase the power of the crown. After her marriage, Isabella appointed Galindo as tutor to her children. Galindo founded hospitals and schools in Spain, including the Hospital of the Holy Cross in Madrid, and probably served as an adviser to Isabella after she became queen. Catholic Monarchs In 1480, Isabella and Ferdinand instituted the Inquisition in Spain, one of many changes to the role of the church instituted by the monarchs. The Inquisition was aimed mostly at Jews and Muslims who had overtly converted to Christianity but were thought to be practicing their faiths secretly. They were seen as heretics who rejected Roman Catholic orthodoxy. Ferdinand and Isabella were given the title the Catholic monarchs by  Pope Alexander VI in recognition of their role in purifying the faith. Among Isabellas other religious pursuits, she took a special interest in the Poor Clares. an order of nuns. Isabella and Ferdinand planned to unify all of Spain by continuing a long-standing but stalled effort to expel the Moors, Muslims who held parts of Spain. In 1492, the Muslim Kingdom of Granada fell to Isabella and Ferdinand, thus completing the Reconquista. That same year, Isabella and Ferdinand issued an edict expelling all Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. New World Also in 1492, Christopher Columbus convinced Isabella to sponsor his first voyage of exploration. By the traditions of the time, when Columbus was the first European to encounter lands in the New World, these lands were given to Castile. Isabella took a special interest in the Native Americans of the new lands. When some were brought back to Spain as slaves, she insisted they be returned and freed, and her will expressed her wish that the Indians be treated with justice and fairness. Death and Legacy By her death on Nov. 26, 1504, Isabellas sons, grandsons, and her older daughter Isabella, queen of Portugal, had already died, leaving as Isabellas only heir Mad Joan Juana, who became queen of Castile in 1504 and of Aragon in 1516. Isabella was a patron of scholars and artists, establishing educational institutions and building a large collection of artwork. She learned Latin as an adult and was widely read, and she educated her daughters as well as her sons. The youngest daughter, Catherine of Aragon, became the first wife of Henry VIII of England and mother of Mary I of England. Isabellas will, the only writing that she left, summarizes what she thought were her reigns achievements as well as her wishes for the future. In 1958, the Roman Catholic church began the process to canonize Isabella.  After an exhaustive investigation, the commission appointed by the church determined that she had a reputation of sanctity and was inspired by Christian values. In 1974, she was recognized with the title Servant of God by the Vatican, a step in the process of canonization. Sources Isabella I: Queen of Spain. Encyclopedia Brittanica.Isabella I. Encyclopedia.com.

The Effect Of Second Layer Matrix On Target Spots...

The Influence of Second Layer Matrix on Target Spots Unclassified by MALDI-TOF Although MALDI-TOF MS has been widely used in routine clinical microbiology laboratories, it is generally acknowledged that the appropriate sample-matrix preparation, a homogenous deposition on the target plate, is not very simple for successful MALDI-TOF measurement as well as microbial identification. (1) MALDI-TOF MS manufacturers introduced manually direct smear preparation protocols (2) in a convenient way for analysis of the large amounts microorganism colonies in microbiology laboratories, but they are called â€Å"black art† because of the unpredictability to find the dispersed â€Å"sweet-spots† due to the heterogeneous co-crystallization.(3) Regarding to those unclassified â€Å"no peaks found† samples, further purity cultures have to be inoculated for the second day remeasurement, which are costly in terms of labor, material and turnaround time. To date, many preparation methods, such as dried-droplet, thin layered, etc., have been developed to overco me the challenges.(4) However, all of them are â€Å"wet† preparation, in which sample solutions are used in analysis and thus they are impractical in â€Å"real† clinical microbiology scenario where semi-solid colonies are smeared on target directly. Based on an interesting MALDI-TOF phenomena, i.e., a significant improved mass spectrum can be obtained when analytes are mixed with matrix in a relative high mole ratio,(5) the influence of an second layer matrix

Contract Law Hong Kong Introductory Guide â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contract Law Hong Kong Introductory Guide? Answer: Introducation A contract is best defined as a legally binding promise made under an agreement. Under a contract, one party promises that they would do the act mentioned under the contract and the other party promises that they would pay the requisite compensation amount as is stated under the contract (Blum, 2007). It can be formed in an oral and in a written way. In the first management, the contract terms are spoken orally and in the latter, the contract terms are put down in writing on a document, which the parties to that particular contract sign (Mau, 2010). For creating any contract, there is a need of some specified components to be present. These components include the offer, the acceptance, consideration, capacity, clarity and intention (Miller Cross, 2015). Amongst the key points with regards to these components is offer and invitation to treat. An offer is the initiation point of the contract whereby one party offers certain terms to another party. An invitation to treat, on the other hand, shows that the parties are ready to negotiate upon the possible contract (McKendrick Liu, 2015). Hence, invitation to treat takes place before the offer is made; though, is not obligatory to be present in every case. The advertisements in the newspaper are an example of invitation to treat. The goods which are kept on the shelf of the shop, for display, are another example of invitation to treat. And in such cases, the individual is not bound to sell such product as per Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots [1953] 1 QB 401 (Latimer, 2012). The other elements of contract include the acceptance of this offer. So, once an offer has been made, it needs to be accepted. There is a need for the contract to have valid consideration in order for the contract to be valid. As per this requirement, the consideration needs to have an economic value (Stone and Devenney, 2017). There is also a need for parties to have the capacity of entering into the contract. In this regard, the parties need to be of legal age and also need to be of sound mind to be able to make rationale decisions for them. The parties need to be clear about the terms of the contract as this gives the parties the rights and liabilities under the contract. And lastly, there is a need for the contracting parties to have the intention of creating legal relations. When the terms covered under the contract are not fulfilled, the aggrieved party can apply for monetary compensation or equitable remedies (Andrews, 2015). At times, under the contract a clause known as exclusion clause is found, which has the power of restricting or limiting the liabilities which are raised due to the contract. The exclusion clauses are relied on to extinguish the liability of the contracting party. In order for an exclusion clause to be valid, it has to fulfil some requirements (Clarke Clarke, 2016). Firstly, the exclusion clause has to be inserted in to the contract in a proper manner. Secondly, the exclusion clause needs to be brought to the attention of the party against whom it is being inserted. The exclusion clauses can only restrict the liability under the contract and not such which are born out of a statutory law or common law (Ayres Klass, 2012). In order for the exclusion clause to be valid, it has to be inserted in the contract financial_accounting it is signed by the parties. Olley v Marlborough Court Ltd (1949) 1 KB 532 saw the exclusion clause being invalid as the exclusion clause had been inserted after the main contract had been formed. The exclusion clause is also invalid if it is referred at another place and is not brought to the attention of the parties. In Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971) 2 WLR 585, the exclusion clause was stated at the backside of the ticket and was not brought to the notice of the parties, thus invalidating the exclusion clause (Marson Ferris, 2015). A crucial point with regards to exclusion clause is that it would be valid, where it was inserted in a contract and the contract was signed later. In L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 case, the exclusion clause was held as valid even though the parties had not read the exclusion clause (Gibson Fraser, 2014). However, such exclusion clause would be invalid, even after it has been inserted in the contract and the same is signed by the parties, where an element of misrepresentation was present (Mulcahy, 2008). In Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co [1951] 1 KB 805, the cleaner was stopped from escaping the liability for the damages caused to the material of dress, by making reliance over the exemption clause, due to the misrepresentation of the scope of the exclusion clause by the assistant of the defendant (Poole, 2016). Misrepresentation is one of the five vitiating factors which make the contract voidable at the option of the aggrieved party. Misrepresentation refers to a false statement of fact being made by one party, so as to induce the other party into the contract (Lambiris Griffin, 2016). In Bisset v Wilkins [1927] AC 177, it was held that the statement has to be of fact and not of opinion. And it also has to be shown that reliance was made on such misrepresentation for a case of misrepresentation to stand, as was seen in Horsfall v Thomas [1862] 1 HC 90 (McKendrick, 2014). Application In the given case study, Miles saw an advertisement of tractor of Farmquip. This advertisement would be deemed as an invitation to treat as on the basis of this advertisement, negotiations were carried on between Miles and Farmquip. And based on Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots, Farmquip was not obliged to sell the truck at these terms to Miles. While the negotiations were being carried on, Angus made a false statement of fact to Miles whereby he stated that air conditioning would be inserted in the tractor. This statement was one of fact as there was no intention of inserting the air condition and based Bisset v Wilkins this would be deemed as a misrepresentation. Further, based on Horsfall v Thomas reliance was made by Miles which would make a claim of misrepresentation, against Farmquip, a success. This would allow Miles to get the contract rescinded. An exclusion clause was also present in this case. The contract which was signed by Miles, for the sale of tractor, covered Clause 18 which was an exclusion clause. As this contract was signed by Miles, irrespective of the fact that he read it or not, it would be valid, based on LEstrange v Graucob. However, a misrepresentation had been made in this case, which as per the case of Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co would make this exclusion clause invalid even when the contract had been signed by Miles. There was another exclusion clause which was present in this case, which was stated on the wall for customers behind the sales counter. However, based on Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd, this was not brought to the attention of the parties. Also, one could only come across this exclusion clause when they went to the sales counter and not before that. Hence, this exclusion clause would also be invalid due to it not being brought to the attention of the parties. Miles can due Farmquip for the breach of contract as the terms of the contract had not been upheld. He was promised a good conditioned and well repaired tractor but had been instead given a bad unrepaired tractor which was bad in shape. So, Miles can claim compensation for breach of contract, which would include not only the cost of the tractor but also damages for mental distress. Miles also has the option of getting the contract rescinded owing to the misrepresentation. As the exclusion clause is invalid, it would not be able to protect Farmquip. And based on Curtis v Chemical Cleaning Co Farmquip would be liable for the wordings of its employee/ representative, i.e., Angus. Conclusion Hence, in this case, Miles can bring legal action against Farmquip for misrepresentation, thus getting the contract rescinded, or better yet, could claim damages for breach of contract, and claim compensation. References Andrews, N. (2015). Contract Law (2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press Ayres, I., Klass, G. (2012). Studies in Contract Law (8th ed.). New York: Foundation Press Blum, B.A. (2007). Contracts: Examples Explanations (4th ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. Clarke, P., Clarke, J (2016). Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives (3rd ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Gibson, A., Fraser, D. (2014). Business Law 2014 (8th ed.). Melbourne: Pearson Education Australia. Lambiris, M., Griffin, L. (2016). First Principles of Business Law 2016. Sydney: CCH. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Marson, J., Ferris, K. (2015). Business Law (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mau, S.D. (2010). Contract Law in Hong Kong: An Introductory Guide. Hong Kong: economics University Press. McKendrick, E. (2014). Contract Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. McKendrick, E., Liu, Q. (2015). Contract Law: Australian Edition. London: Palgrave. Miller, R.L. Cross, F.B. (2015). The Legal Environment Today (8th ed.). Stanford, CT: Cengage Learning. Mulcahy, L. (2008). Contract Law in Perspective (5th ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Poole, J. (2016). Textbook on Contract Law (13th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stone, R., Devenney, J. (2017). The Modern Law of Contract (12th ed.). Oxon: Routledge.

Nation Building an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

Nation Building by Expert Suzzane | 15 Dec 2016 The aspect of nation-building has been an important component of creating stable states in a liberal democratic environment. With this, there are several ways and methods that a particular state may use to enhance and develop its objectives. In the end, as states try to incorporate a particular method of nation building, there are positive outcomes and negative implications that need to be taken into consideration. It is through this that the process of determining a states own values, traditions and ideals are put into practiced and applied. Need essay sample on "Nation Building" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Seeing this, there are two models in which the paper shall look and consider. The first one revolves around the way Russia has created and developed nation building mechanisms. On the other hand, the other part of the paper looks at Turkish nation building strategies. In the end, there shall be an elaboration of its relevant strengths and weaknesses exhibited by both states. It is through these categories that both states shall be compared and contrasted. Students Frequently Tell EssayLab support: How much do I have to pay someone to make my assignment online? Our Propose: Custom Essays - Easy And Quickly With Essaylab.Com Essay Helper Online Cheap Custom Writing Service How to do an Assignment Buy College Papers Nation building Russia After the collapse and fall of the USSR in 1991, Russia became the dominant states that took over what was left behind by its predecessor. Though there have been man states that took the opportunity to secede and form their own governments, Russia still maintained control over half of what the USSR controlled during the Cold War. Contrary to its predecessor, Russian nation building is similar with the overall structure of USSR the practice of ethno federalism. What distinguishes the mechanism applied by Russia to USSR is the elements circumscribed the tenet of ethno federalism. Hale argues that the critical distinction between the USSR and Russia lies in the design of ethno federal institutions (p.56) It is through here that we see a USSR whose core ethnic region is concentrated on one state (Russia) which in turn remains to be problematic on the side of a particular federation. Hale mentions that core ethnic regions tend to promote state breakup because they facilitate dual sovereignty, exacerbate the security fears of minority-group regions, and promote the imagining of core-group identifications independent of the federation. (p.56) The collapse of the USSR became a catalyst for Russia to learn from its predecessor and apply an appropriate setup suitable for the region Ethno federalism. Hale mentions that ethno federalism, a federal political system in which component regions are intentionally associated with specific ethnic categories. (p.55) This process enables the state to maintain and promote democracy while at the same time protecting and safeguarding ethnic differences among different sub-states. However, contrary to the USSR, Russia applied ethno federalism without a core ethnic region. Hale points out that the Russian Federation lacks a core ethnic region; instead it consists of 32 minority ethnic regions (republics, autonomous districts, and autonomous regions) together with its 57 Russian-dominated oblasts. (p.61) This is why, the government continues to survive, grow and develop for years. Benefits The practice of ethno federalism by Russia has in turn created many positive outcomes for the country. The nation building mechanism employed and used by the state may have been an important component for not repeating the mistakes of the USSR. One important benefit of the ethno federal setup without the core ethnic region is that Russian leaders would find it difficult to control and maintain stability in regions that are ethnically perse. Hale argues that without Russias institutional pision of the core into many regions, Russias presidents would have found it much more difficult to employ accommodative tactics toward key minority regions and pide-and-conquer methods vis--vis oblasts so as to address potentially threatening minority-region security concerns. (p.62) Then there is the issue of creating a sense of community among members of the Russian occupied territories. The oblasts play an important part in the overall success of the Russian federation. Hale mentions that with a core ethnic religion in place of Russias 57 oblasts, Russia would have been much more likely to experience a challenge to the vision of territorial Russian identity. (p.62) Such action can lead to drastic effects in the way identification is made and categorized. Challenges One impediment in such mechanism is the capability of it to undermine the equal distribution of power among minorities. Such can lead to a scenario wherein one minority is dominant over the other. Hale further points out that one ethnic region can be considered clearly dominant in population if it contains at least 20 percent more than the unionwide population than the next largest region or makes up an outright majority of the countrys population. (p.64) Such can lead to the formation of core ethnic regions which would be problematic for Russia if it continues. Another problem of such setup is that there is a tendency to have challenges from secessionist states. Hale mentions that some ethno federal states without core ethnic regions have avoided state breakup but continue to experience isolated secessionist challenges. (p.65) Nation Building Turkey The idea of Turkish nation building revolves around the tenet of embracing and incorporating their ideals, culture and values without the consideration of minorities and their relevant practices. The Islamic framework of government seems to overshadow the real fundamentals of nation building. Van Bruinessen argues that the dominant view among Turkish policymakers has been, however, that it was possible for the non-Turkish ethnic groups to adopt Turkish culture and that forced assimilation was feasible. (p.4) This became the initial foundation of Turkeys secular government. However, there had been continued changes in the Turkish government as they begin to democratize and open up into the world. There have been efforts for the state to apply important components of a liberal nation building schemes. It eliminated the previous defunct system and began to progress forward. Ciddi et al. argues that against the background of gross economic mismanagement, political scandals of corruption and negligence of the 1990s, the 2002 general elections impressed upon any desiring government party a number of tangible objectives to address. (p.1) In addition, the process of liberalizing and democratizing the state has been a successful trait exhibited by Turkey. Ciddi et al. mentions that this process, dubbed as conservative democratic by Erdoan, defines democracy as an ideal to construct a pluralist interpretation of democracy which is not limited to a mechanical interpretation reduced to a few institutions and elections but one which is organic and has spread to all societal and political arenas (p.1) Positive Outcomes There are indeed important positive outcomes that the initiative of Turkey provided. First is that it slowly begins to recognize and balance domestic and international issues as far as respect of sovereignty is concerned. This specifically applies in the issue of Cyprus. Kymlicka mentions that liberal principles will also insist that any national group engaged in a project of national building must respect the right of other nations within its jurisdiction to protect and build their own national institutions (p.189) Another important positive outcome is the capability of the state to practice fair and just treatment of minorities in a particular area. Contrary to the original initiative of assimilation, with liberal tenets, nation building shall constitute better opportunities for minorities to actively voice out their concerns and welfare in the state. Kymlicka argues that liberal principles will preclude any attempts at ethnic cleansing, or stripping people of their citizenship, or the violation of human rights. (p.189) Implications One important and notable challenge for Turkey is creating a scenario and balancing tradition with modernity. Nation building on one hand entails a liberal approach in the establishment of reforms. However, practices among conservatives continue to apply. Social standards remain to be rooted in Islamic laws as well as traditions. This in turn leaves minorities in a state of confusion as the reality starts to manifest itself. Thus, minorities are still forced to abide to old standards though the process of liberalization has already been in place. Conclusion: Comparison and Contrast Seeing this, there are indeed different methods that a state can use to appropriate the proper nation building mechanism. One difference between the two states is the approach used by each one to promote nation-building. For Russia, it used an ethno federal approach while on the other hand; Turkey used the Western liberal method. This in turn creates different approaches and scenarios wherein nation building can be enhanced and developed. Also, there is an immediate concern with the facilitation of nation building among minorities. Since they are part of the overall union of the state, the question of assimilation or absorption remains to be an integral part of the nation building strategy. Thus, the process of nation building is indeed a complex one and it caters to different benefits and challenges depending on the method used or advocated by a particular state. Works Cited Ciddi, Sinan et. al. Religious and Cultural Perceptions of the Other: in Greek-Turkish Relations. n.d. accessed 29 April 2008 Hale, Henry E. The Makeup and Breakup of Ethno Federal States: Why Russia Survives Where the USSR Fell. 2005 3 no.1 accessed 29 April 29, 2008 pp. 55-70 Kymlicka, Will. Nation-building and minority rights: comparing West and East in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 2000 26 no.2 accessed 29 April 2008 pp. 183-212 van Bruinessen, Martin. Race, culture, nation and identity politics in Turkey: some comments. 1997

States by Edward Said Essays

States by Edward Said Essays States by Edward Said Paper States by Edward Said Paper Taylor Stephan Section 2 Exam â€Å"States† 1. Edward Said emphasizes the scattered, alienated nature of the Palestinian people. In my opinion, Said clearly displays that it is unfair to ask â€Å"What is it you Palestinians want? †. Palestine, once recognized as a country and a community, is now shattered into a plethora of pieces. These pieces, or people each with memories and experiences, were sprinkled all across the world. It would seem impossible to share national pride when one’s country does not technically exist. Palestinians do not have a unified home where they can share their sense of culture and their similar beliefs. Many Palestinians â€Å"speak of awdah (return)† (650). They want to restore their country, and glue together the broken pieces. Even if Palestine could be restored as a country, would it ever be the same? One cannot erase history. The Palestinians can never truly regain what they want, which is their identity and ethnocentricity. Questions can easily be misinterpreted. Misunderstandings due to poor communication have appeared throughout history. For example, in the 1940’s, America threatened Japan with an embargo, unless they cut relations with Japan. The Japanese mistakenly took this as a threat to their national security. The confusion caused the attack on Pearl Harbor, which is an extremely important event in American history. Japan and the United States were opposing forces, but trade held together the peace. This misunderstanding caused more hostility between the two groups. 2. Said explains that the photograph ignites negative, yet positive feelings about the condition of the Palestinian people. Said shows that this picture reflects symbols of vulnerability and disarray throughout the Palestinians. This shabby house, near Senjel, is covered with weeds. It appears to be out of place under the coverage of the trees. Said is very passionate for his own people. He has a great deal of emotional discomfort seeing a photographic display of the dislocation of his own people. I do not know what it feels like to lose my identity and be viewed through a skeptic’s eyes. Although this picture does not appear to incite certain emotions and feelings in myself, it is plausible for Said connect his feelings. Said understands the meaning of displacement with regards to his people’s history. Extra Credit: I can still remember the tragedy of September 11th. I was in second grade. All of the students were immediately sent home or picked up by their parents. I did not understand the images on the news. It almost seemed like a surreal action film. My aunt was on a flight to New York City that day, but luckily she arrived safe. I respect the people and rescue crew involved during September 11th. I think they displayed a deep sense of care for fellow Americans. I hope that the directly affected families have some sense of peace all of these years later.

Business Start Up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Start Up - Essay Example We had worked out an initial business plan with my team as a basis of our operations. Our business plan had all the important sections including finances, operations, milestone objectives and marketing covered. Practically speaking, having a business plan significantly reduces the risks and provides a proactive scope. I learnt that the initial business plan is not sufficient enough, hence my team decided to keep updating the document to take guidance from it. Hornsby & Kuratko (2009 p.111) have also identified many reasons to update a business plan which are: varying financial needs and new projections yearly, additional financing needed, managing management conflicts and to induce more reality to the plan. There already are similar companies producing customised cakes and crepes, therefore I was of the view that if we want to stand out we need a comptetitive advantage. Enterpreneurship is about new ideas and creation, and strategic planning focuses on the method to achieve above ave rage performance through a competitive advantage (Hitt, Ireland, Camp, & Sexton, 2002 p.33). Two of our team mates are passionate about the baking line of foods. Utilising their talent we have designed new cake and crepe recipes alongwith additional services and packages, as our unique selling points include customised packaging, complimentary dessert decor, small goodwill presents, greeting cards and an optional nutrition card for the health conscious customers. We have drafted updates on our business plan regarding this Enterpreneurial Strategic Management Interface (ESMI). Professionalism is a function of time and experience, but we lag in it because we are beginners in business... Professionalism is a function of time and experience, but we lag in it because we are beginners in business management. There have been incidents like the one when we landed with a huge order of deserts for a new year party. The order was huge, with promising profits and potentially loyal customers. The process to meet the order produced conflicts amongst our team members. The team member responsible for managing the operations and employees, namely preparation of the deserts and managing the chefs, felt that he was doing all of the work. The one who had negotiated the contract and maintained the liaison with the customer party felt that she deserved all the credit. That’s when I, being the leader, realized that we need teamwork orientation to wheedle out the individualism. I arranged a self-development session with my fellows and pointed out that everyone’s individual contribution in the work is unique and significant. We need to develop a sense of unity in our work ot herwise the conflicts will adversely affect the output and our produce will lack harmony. We learned that there are external agencies that exist to perpetuate small businesses. One of my fellows gave the idea to take some form of external small business assistance and consultancy service. He showed me the SBA.Gov platform on the internet that helps in finding the local resources, exploring the potentials and consultancy to achieve the organization’s goals. Our current focus is to develop and strengthen ourselves through proactive planning and introducing newer food and service packages.

IT INFRASTRUCTURE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

IT INFRASTRUCTURE - Essay Example The services are offered in a multi-specialty manner under one roof and multiple consultants and doctors operate from each specialty to reduce patient queuing time. There is also a modular operating room to minimize Hospital Acquired infections in surgical patients as well as an amazing and completely entertaining children’s zone and child care area attached to the pediatric wing. The hospital offers 24-hour service in selected emergency situations, pharmacy GP and ambulance. As mentioned earlier, the hospital provide a host of services including urology, heart care, child care, weight loss, genecology, minimal access surgery and women wellness programs. These services are highly sensitive and patients sometimes demand to be served by their preferred doctors. The hospital, in the past was overwhelmed by the demand and the lack of scheduling mechanism to distribute patients to available consulting doctors efficiently. This resulted in a lot of inconveniences in terms of waiting time the associated health repercussions. The hospital in leveraging technology decided to introduce a doctor and patient management system known as Inquiry, Booking and Reservation system. This system allow patient to inquire for their preferred consultant doctors and book for an appropriate session guided by the schedule of the doctor. Most of its clients make reservations through direct calls made to the centre. The customer service department receives the calls, book clients an d advice on the best visit schedules according to the physicists calendar of events. In dire scenarios, the hospital allows direct communication between clients and their doctors for better service delivery. Therefore, telephone communication is the de facto medium although other channels such as eMail and texts are employed. The clinic has an implementation of VoIP. However, the system has been associated with some drawbacks. Some of the clients have

Psychological Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Psychological Perspectives Essay Behaviourist approach-we can understand any type of behaviour perspective by looking at what the person has learnt, including personality, confidence, optimism or pessimism. Classical conditioning and Pavlov’s dogs. Pavlov was working with dogs to investigate their digestive system Pavlov attached a tube to the dogs mouth was the sliver comes from. This was then attached to a monitor in whom the monitor would monitor how much sliver was used during salivation. Salivation was a automatic response that is unconditioned (not learnt). Food leads to this almost automatically (unconditioned stimulus). Pavlov decided he wanted to find out how much the dog salivated when associated with different noises before giving him food. Pavlov put up a wooden wall so the dog could not see the food, he then rang a bell the dog began to salivate. Over the day the dog then began to associate the bell with the food a salivated as soon as he heard the bell. It had learnt the conditioned response of salivation to the conditioned stimulus of the bell. Operant conditioning and skinners rats. This was to discover the key principles of new learning behaviours. The rat was first places in the box with a lever which when pressed it released a food pellet in to the box. At first when the rat got in to the box it sniffed around and at some point it pressed the lever, discovering that the pellet was dropped. The rat then repeated this performance and learned that pressing the lever is automatically followed by the pellet being dropped. ( the consequence) The pellet is seen as reinforcing, this means something that the rat would like to have more of. There are two types of enforcement negative and positive reinforcement. Skinner then investigated negative reinforcement by running a low electrical current on the floor of the box, the current would be de-activated when the lever was pressed. The behaviour of pressing the leaver was then negatively in reinforcing. For example humans used pain killers as a negative reinforcement because if you use them the pain then tends to go away. Social learning approach Social learning is what affects a person because of a certain individual or a group of people. This could lead to negative behaviour which could be smoking, drinking and drugs. These could be influenced by friends, parents or a guardian and also from the environment they live in. Albert Bandura proved this because he observed this by doing the bobo doll experiment which was children watching a adult kick, punch and sit on the doll. The children then were allowed to go in a play with the doll and they did what they had observed. But also in the room there was other items that they could play with so they could chose to be aggressive or not but they chose to play with the doll, when they were playing with the doll some got guns involved and pretended to shoot it, which the adult never did. The children also used aggressive language towards the doll, this showed that because they had observed the adult being aggressive towards the dolls the children copied. Bandura also believed that behaviour can be learnt from the following principles observational learning, this is watching someone else perform a behaviour such as smoking, drinking, wearing a cycle helmet, they can be learnt but does not have to be reproduced unless the person is motivated to perform the behaviour. A role model which is an individual that inspires others as they could be prestigious, attractive, have a high status and they may copy their behaviour. Modelling which is the process of basing behaviour for example dressing the same as someone who they may admire. Availability the behaviour to be learnt must be available this could be performed somewhere for the individual to see this could be on TV, the computer, games, there peers and family members. Attention the behaviour must be noticed or we will not be able to learn it, if someone is feeling unwell they may not pay attention which could be a problem because you will not remember the procedure. Retention is behaviour that must be retained which is that the person must be interested enough and old enough to retain the information in their memory. Reproduction the individual must be capable of performing the behaviour. Motivation behaviour will be learnt and then performed. Humanistic approach Maslow was a psychologist that believed we were all seeking to become the best that we possibly can be physically, spiritually, emotionally and intellectually, he called this self-actualisation. He also made the theory known as hierarchy of needs this explains that every human requires certain basic needs to be met before they are able to move on to the next stage. He also believed that all our energies will be focused on the stage that we are at, until the basic needs are met we will not focus on our emotional needs and to feel self-esteem which is how valuable we may feel, for someone who has a high self-esteem they will believe that that they are loved and are loveable and also that they feel important and valued. For someone who has a low self-esteem they could feel worthless and that they have no value to anyone and may feel unloved and that they are not unlovable. Self-concept is developed at an early age and it is the way we see ourselves, for example if someone was a child got told they were silly they are more likely to be that way were if a child is praised they will be behave and will have a positive self-concept. Rogers was interested in concept of self, it is the way we view ourselves which includes physical and biological attributes like being male or female, short or tall. He believed that we also hold a concept of our self which represents as view of how we should be and as we would like to be, when there is incongruence between our self and our ideal self we can become unhappy and troubled. (betec level 3 health and social care book 1) Biological approach The maturational theory is that a child would be born with a set of genetics which are passed down through their parents, which are cognitive, physical, and other developmental processes which unfold over time. It is a theory that states that development is to nature not nurture. Gesells theory was that he believed that the development happened the way it was suppose to, this was from developing in the womb until birth. After birth he believed that this is when the child’s genes started to develop them into the person that they were meant to be. He also believed that the environment supported them developing their skills, talents, personality and also their interests but what was the main thing that helped the child develop was the maturational process. The importance of genetic influences on behaviour is that genes affect someone’s behaviour in a numerous of ways. A dominant gene can cause disorders like Huntington’s disease which can be passed on through a parent. Other disorder could be cystic fibrosis which both parents need to carry the gene in order for their child to get it. Disorders can be passed down but are not genetically determined which can lead to the person developing the disorder for example breast cancer can be passed down if one of the family members carry the gene. Psychodynamic approach focuses on unconscious thought processes, the patient will explore the unresolved issues and the conflicts that they have had in in the past which are believed to affect them in their present life. The therapies focus on relieving and resolving the unconscious conflicts which are motivating their symptoms. Freud first developed the vital ideas which bring about the approach as a whole particularly the idea that understanding behavior requires insight into the thoughts and feelings that motivate our actions. Freud also describes conscious mind, which consists of all the mental processes of which we are aware. For example, you may be feeling hungry at this moment and decide to get something to eat. Eriksons theory differs in a number of important ways. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of predetermined stages. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describe the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.

Flannery O’Connor’s use of the Protagonist Essay -- essays research pa

Flannery O’Connor’s use of the Protagonist Flannery O’Connor’s use of the protagonist in the three stories â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find†, and â€Å"Revelation† are all expressed through characters that do not fit the typical protagonist mold. As you will see the three protagonists have many similarities. Mrs. Turpin and Julian’s mothers similarities are out in the open and easy to recognize. On the other hand the grandmother’s similarities are more subdued, but she does share them with the other women. There are many commonalties between the protagonists in the stories by Flannery O’Connor. First physically, they are all elderly women. All three are mothers of boys. Another likeness is the women and their sheer physical presence. â€Å"In Everything Rises Must Converge† Julian’s mother walks on the bus and immediately begins to control the conversation. People seem to feed off her commentaries. These commentaries are usually on the basis of racism. As she states when she notices that there are no black people on the bus, â€Å"I see we have the bus to ourselves.†(p.344) Mrs. Turpin is almost the exact same way as Julian’s mother. The only difference between the two is that Mrs. Turpin was waiting in a doctor’s office. She too seems like she is the one who is in command of the conversation. The same holds true for the grandmother in A Good Man is Hard to Find. She continues a conversation with a man that is has murdered her family and threat ening t...

Minority languages Essay

The world has very many languages that are considered as minor. These are well spread through the lands and they are threatened towards extinction. Various policies have been put forward by different countries to help preserve these unique dialects and one of the ways is by use of education scholarships given to people of these languages to encourage the to advance. As they advance, their languages get known in various places. Broadcasting stations that air programs in these languages have also been set up. Many more people can as a result hear them and adopt their ways. The culture of these minority groups can be used as a platform of preserving the dialects. Various campaigns have been set up to help market the culture of these people so that they remain dominant. Some countries have also gone to an extent of declaring that the minority languages are the national languages of their countries and this is a boost towards preserving the languages. Some education curriculums have also been set up so that these languages can be used in learning institutions and this has worked to spread awareness on these minority languages. This occurred in Sami which is an Irish dialect. Some important books like the bible have been printed in these languages and this gives security and helps to preserve the languages. The local owners of these languages are hence kept busy in their tradition and they feel comfortable and lack nothing because of the translations. The minor languages can best be preserved by making sure that the members fit in all arena of life by providing books and programs that are representative of their language. This is the only secure way. Source Tomasi, K. (2005). World History. NY: Oxford press.

How Do Animals Use Camouflage in Nature

Camouflage is a type of coloration or pattern that helps an animal blend in with its surroundings. It is common among invertebrates, including some species of octopus and squid, along with a variety of other animals. Camouflage is often used by prey as a way to disguise themselves from predators. It is also used by predators to conceal themselves as they stalk their prey. There are several different types of camouflage, including concealing coloration, disruptive coloration, disguise, and mimicry. Concealing Coloration DanielBehmPhotography.Com/Getty Images   Concealing coloration allows an animal to blend into its environment, hiding it from predators. Some animals have fixed camouflage, such as snowy owls and polar bears, whose white coloration helps them blend in with the Arctic snow. Other animals can change their  camouflage at will based on where they are.  For example, marine creatures such as flatfish and stonefish can alter their coloration to blend in with surrounding sand and rock formations. This type of camouflage, known as background matching, allows them to lie on the bottom of the seabed without being spotted. It is a highly useful adaptation. Some other animals have a type of seasonal camouflage. This includes the snowshoe hare, whose fur turns white in winter to match the surrounding snow. During summer, the animals fur turns brown to match the surrounding foliage. Disruptive Coloration Vicki Jauron, Babylon and Beyond Photography/Getty Images Disruptive coloration includes spots, stripes, and other patterns that break up the outline of an animals shape and sometimes conceal particular body parts. The stripes of a zebras coat, for example, create a disruptive pattern that is confusing to flies, whose compound eyes have trouble processing the pattern. Disruptive coloration is also seen in spotted leopards, striped fish, and black-and-white skunks. Some animals have a particular type of camouflage called a disruptive eye mask. This is a band of color found on the bodies of birds, fish, and other creatures that conceals the eye, which is usually easy to spot because of its distinctive shape. The mask makes the eye nearly invisible, allowing the  animal to better avoid being seen by predators. Disguise somnuk krobkum/Getty Images   Disguise is a type of camouflage where an animal takes on the appearance of something else in its environment. Some insects, for example, disguise themselves as leaves by changing their shading. There is even a whole family of insects, known as leaf insects or walking leaves, which are famous for this type of camouflage. Other creatures also disguise themselves, like the walking stick or stick-bug, which resembles a twig. Mimicry The Viceroy butterfly mimics the poisonous Monarch. Marcia Straub/Getty Images   Mimicry is a way for animals to make themselves look like related animals that are more dangerous or otherwise less appealing to predators. This type of camouflage is seen in snakes, butterflies, and moths. For example, the scarlet kingsnake, a type of harmless snake found in the eastern United States, has  evolved to look like the coral snake, which is highly poisonous. Butterflies mimic other species  that are poisonous to predators. In both cases, the animals deceptive coloration helps ward off other creatures that might be looking for a meal.